Modeling all alternative solutions for highly renewable energy systems

As the world is transitioning towards highly renewable energy systems, advanced tools are needed to analyze such complex networks. Energy system design is, however, challenged by real-world objective functions consisting of a blurry mix technical and socioeconomic agendas, with limitations that cannot always be clearly stated. result, it likely solutions which techno-economically suboptimal will preferable. Here, we present method capable determining continuum containing all near-optimal solutions, moving field modeling from discrete new era where continuous solution ranges available. The presented applied study range metrics on model European electricity system. region found relatively flat allowing for slightly more expensive than optimum but better in terms equality, land use, implementation time.